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Japanese Quick Reference

Basic Japanese

Verb conjugations, particles, kana charts, adjectives, and essential grammar — the foundation of Japanese.

Verb Conjugations

U-Verb / RU-Verb Conjugation

Formal Tense (U-Verb / RU-Verb)

U-VerbRU-Verb
Present/Future Tense-I + ます-TE + ます
Past Tense-I + ました-TE + ました
Progressive Tense-I + ています-TE + ています
Negative Present/Future-I + ません-TE + ません
Negative Past Tense-I + ませんでした-TE + ませんでした
Command Form-I + ください-TE + ください

Informal Tense (U-Verb / RU-Verb)

U-VerbRU-Verb
Present/Future Tense-U
Past Tense-TA
Progressive Tense-TE + いるている
Negative Present/Future-A + ないない
Negative Past Tense-A + なかったなかった
Command Form-TE

Negative Command

-U/-TA + ないでください — "Please don't..."

Potential, Passive, and Causative Forms

(U-Verb)(RU-Verb)
Negative Command-A + ないでくださいないでください
Potential Form
= CAN / ABLE TO
-E + る
する → できる
-I + られる
する → できます
Want to...-I + たいですたいです
Don't want to... !たくないですたくないです
Let's...-I + ましょうましょう
Shall we.../ Shall I — for you?-I + ましょうかましょうか
Passive Form
(U-Verb) (RU-Verb)
-A + れる
する → される
-I + られる
くる → こられる
Causative Form
(U-Verb) (RU-Verb)
-A + せる
する → させる
-I + させる
くる → こさせる

U-Verb TE/TA Endings

U-VERBするくる
はなす → はなしてしてきて
かく → かいて
いそぐ → いそいで
あそぶ → あそんで
しぬ → しんで
のむ → のんで
つくる → つくって
まつ → まって
かう → かって

Exceptions

  • いく (to go) in TE/TA-form becomes いって/いった
  • The -A ending for verbs ending in う is わ

U-VERBS (THAT LOOK LIKE RU-VERBS)

いる (to need), はいる (to enter), しる (to know), きる (to cut), すべる (to slide), ける (to kick)

Formal vs. Informal

FormalInformal
Present Tenseです
Past Tenseでしただった
Probableでしょうだろう
Negative Present Tenseではありませんじゃない
Negative Past Tenseではありませんでしたじゃなかった
Negative Probableではないでしょうじゃないだろう
  • だろう is very direct. If you're unsure, it is safer to use でしょう.
  • When nominalized (converted to a noun) だ changes to な before の and である before こと.

Adjectives

i-Adjectives

FormExample
はやいfast
はやさ (noun form)speed
はやく (adverb form)quickly
はやくてfast and...
はやかったwas fast
はやくないnot fast
はやくなかったwasn't fast
はやければif fast
はやくなければif not fast
はやすぎるtoo fast
  • Drop い from i-Adjectives if followed by a form of である.
  • いい (good) always conjugates as よい.
  • It is possible (but uncommon) to add さ to a NA-Adj, when using it as a noun (ie. げんきさ).

NA-Adjectives

FormExample
げんきなcheerful
げんき (noun form)cheer
げんきに (adverb form)cheerfully
げんきでcheerful and...

Adjectives that end in い are i-Adjectives, except where the final い is part of a kanji.

EASILY CONFUSED NA-ADJECTIVES: きれい (clean/beautiful), ていねい (polite), きらい (dislike)

Conditionals & Connections

Conditional Forms

If... (ば/と/たら/なら)

〜ば
If...

食べれば

If (you) eat...

〜と
If... / When...

春になると花が咲く。

When spring comes, flowers bloom.

〜たら
If... / When... (after the fact)

雨が降ったら、行かない。

If it rains, I won't go.

〜なら
If (it's the case that)...

日本に行くなら、京都に行くべきだ。

If you're going to Japan, you should go to Kyoto.

Must / have to...

〜ないと〜なければ〜なくちゃ
Must / Have to (if not... then it's no good)
  • ないといけない / なければならない

After...

PAST〜から
After...
PAST〜あとで
After...

Before...

VERB〜まえに
Before...

Because...

N〜から / ので
Because...

In order to...

VERB〜ために
In order to...

While... (at the same time)

VERB〜ながら
While...

Even if/when...

-TE〜も
Even if...

Particles

は — Topic Marker

As for ~ / Regarding ~
  • Marks the topic of a sentence, not necessarily the subject.
  • Can indicate a range or scope of something, "but not that".
  • Used with ては = ちゃ (contraction): てはいけない → ちゃいけない "must not".
  • One's relationship or things already known to the listener.

私は学生です。

As for me, (I) am a student.

が — Subject Marker

(subject)
  • Marks the subject of a verb.
  • Used when distinguishing one thing from others. (A は、But...)
  • Used when adding new things/information in a conversation.
  • Used in subordinate clauses (where は is used in main clauses).
  • Marks objects of potential/desire verbs (eg. ~が好き / ~がわかる).

雨が降っている。

Rain is falling.

GA... SUBORDINATE

Marks the subject of a subordinate clause. When the subject is the same in both main and subordinate clauses, は is used; when different, が marks the subordinate subject.

を — Object Marker

(direct object)
  • Marks the direct object of a verb.
  • Used after ところ (place) with movement verbs (を通る, を出る, を歩く).

本を読む。

(I) read a book.

公園を歩く。

(I) walk through the park.

に — Direction / Time / Purpose

to / at / in / on / for
  • Marks an indirect object (to give to someone).
  • Marks direction for a verb — the specific place/object as target destination.
  • Marks a specific point in time (三時に at 3 o'clock).
  • Marks a period/place during which something repeats (一日に三回 three times a day).
  • Marks direct object for なる (to become), される (to be done).
  • Marks "only" in 〜にしか meaning "in this occasion only".

友達に手紙を書く。

(I) write a letter to a friend.

東京に行く。

(I) go to Tokyo.

で — Location / Means / Cause

at / by / with / in
  • Marks an existing place of time.
  • Marks a cause of something.
  • Marks a method, tool or circumstance under which something happens.
  • Marks the people element in a positive comparison (日本で一番 the best in Japan).
  • Can take past tense verbs over the last part sometimes.

学校で勉強する。

(I) study at school.

バスで行く。

(I) go by bus.

と — And / With / Quotation

and / with / (quotation)
  • Marks the particle element in a positive comparison.
  • In quotation → と言う "to say that..."
  • With (together with) → 友達と一緒に
  • And (connecting nouns) → りんごとみかん
  • Shows a natural/predictable "if this" relationship between clauses.

友達と映画を見た。

(I) watched a movie with (my) friend.

「行く」と言った。

(He) said "I'll go."

も — Also / Too / Even

also / too / even
  • also; too... (replaces は, が, を)
  • In positive → even...
  • 〜も〜も = both...and... / neither...nor...
  • 何も + negative = nothing, 誰も + negative = no one

私も行きたい。

I want to go too.

何も食べなかった。

(I) didn't eat anything.

か — Question / Or

(question) / or
  • Question marker at end of sentence.
  • Makes an indirect question: 〜かどうか whether or not
  • Or (A か B か — A or B)

これは何ですか。

What is this?

行くかどうかわからない。

(I) don't know whether (I'll) go or not.

へ — Direction

toward / to (direction)
  • Indicates direction of movement (interchangeable with に in many cases).
  • Emphasizes the direction rather than the destination.

東へ進む。

(I) head toward the east.

まで — Until / As far as

まで
until / up to / as far as
  • Marks an endpoint in time or space.
  • Often paired with から (from...until/to).

東京から大阪まで新幹線で行く。

(I) go from Tokyo to Osaka by bullet train.

の — Possession / Connection

possession / of / (explanation)
  • Possession/connection between nouns.
  • の at end of sentence = explanation/emphasis (casual).
  • Nominalizer: makes a clause into a noun.

私の本

my book

行くの?

(You're) going? (seeking explanation)

Additional Particles

たり〜たりする
doing things like ~ and ~
  • Lists representative actions (not exhaustive).

週末は映画を見たり買い物をしたりする。

On weekends (I) do things like watch movies and go shopping.

しか + negative
only / nothing but
  • Always used with a negative verb.

水しか飲まない。

(I) drink nothing but water.

だけ
only / just
  • Unlike しか, used with positive verbs.

少しだけ食べた。

(I) ate just a little.

ほど
to the degree / extent
  • Used in comparisons: 〜ほど...ない = not as...as

東京ほど大きくない。

Not as big as Tokyo.

ばかり
just / only / nothing but
  • 〜たばかり = just did (recently).

来たばかりだ。

(I) just arrived.

より
than (comparison)

東京は大阪より大きい。

Tokyo is bigger than Osaka.

Kana Charts

Hiragana

AIUEO
a
i
u
e
o
K
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
S
sa
shi
su
se
so
T
ta
chi
tsu
te
to
N
na
ni
nu
ne
no
H
ha
hi
fu
he
ho
M
ma
mi
mu
me
mo
Y
ya
yu
yo
R
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
W
wa
wo
N
n

Katakana

AIUEO
a
i
u
e
o
K
ka
ki
ku
ke
ko
S
sa
shi
su
se
so
T
ta
chi
tsu
te
to
N
na
ni
nu
ne
no
H
ha
hi
fu
he
ho
M
ma
mi
mu
me
mo
Y
ya
yu
yo
R
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
W
wa
wo
N
n
Icons & Badges Reference

Usage Icons

Used primarily in spoken Japanese
Used primarily in written Japanese
Used mostly by men
Used mostly by women
Used mostly by children
Old / Archaic expression
Used in formal / stiff situations
!Use with caution (not for superiors)
!!Vulgar / expresses anger or disapproval
Advanced (JLPT N2–N1)
Reference-only (beyond JLPT scope)
Footnote
Incorrect usage
Correct usage

Form Badges

NNoun
NONoun followed by the particle の
NANoun followed by な
TIMENoun indicating time
LOCNoun indicating location/place
ADJAdjective (i-adjective or na-adjective)
i-ADJi-Adjective (e.g. 高い)
na-ADJna-Adjective (e.g. 元気な)
VERB"Nounable" verb form
PASTPast-tense verb (〜た、〜ていた、etc.)
-U/-TAPresent or past verb (non-negative)
NAINegative form
-U/NAIPresent tense verb (regular or negative)
VERB+の"Nounable" verb form followed by の
SURUSuru-verb stem word (noun)

Verb Form Suffixes

-IVerb -I form (連用形)
-UVerb -U form (終止形)
-EVerb -E form (仮定形)
-OUVerb -OU form (意志形)
-TEVerb -TE form (て形)
-TAVerb -TA form (た形)
-TE+たVerb -TE form + past
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